NOTES: Born out of wedlock.
NOTES: According to Grand Duchess Olga's memoirs, she and Peter never lived as man and wife. She and Nikolai Koulikovsky were lovers with her husband's knowledge and apparently his approval. Her marriage to Peter was annulled in 1916 only after she married Nikolai. She never really loved Peter (he was her older cousin) and the marriage was arranged by her mother for dynastic reasons.
NOTES: Princess Helen of Russia. a.k.a.: Helen, Grand Duchess of Russia.
John Lackland, King of England
Family 1: Countess Isabella De Clare of Gloucester
Family 2: Isabella of Angouleme
NOTES: John was a Plantagenet king of the House of Anjou; Reign: 1199-1216; Best known for signing the Magna Charta. John's reign had become increasingly tyrannical. To support his wars he had extorted money, raised taxes and confiscated properties. His barons finally united to force his to respect their rights and privileges. John had little choice but to sign the Magna Charta presented to him by his barons at Runnymede in 1215. This made him subject rather than superior to the law. Shortly afterward John and the barons were at war. |
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NOTES: The marriage was annulled in 1200 on the grounds of consanguinity (a close family relationship).
Henry II Curtmantle, King of England
Family: Duchess Eleanor of Aquitaine
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Richard I Coeur de Lion, King of England
Family: Berengaria of NavarreNOTES: a.k.a.: Richard the Lion Hearted; Reign: 1189-99; When he was an infant, Richard was betrothed to a daughter of the French king Louis VII and in 1172 he was given the duchy of Aquitaine in France (his mother's inheritance). When he became king of England, he set out on the Third Crusade with Philip II, king of France (son of Louis VII). The Crusade was a failure. As king, Richard had chosen able ministers to whom he left most matters of administration. Under his rule, however, England suffered heavy taxation, levied to support his expeditions. Sometimes cruel, sometimes magnanimous, and always courageous, Richard was well versed in the knightly accomplishments of his age and was also a poet. He was to become the hero of many legendary tales. |
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William I the Conqueror, King of England
Family: Matilda of Flanders
NOTES: William of the House of Normandy; The first Norman King; On 28 Sep 1066 William secured the sanction of Pope Alexander II for a Norman invasion of England. By 1070 the Norman conquest of England was complete. William introduced the Continental system of feudalism; by the Oath of Salisbury of 1086 all landlords swore allegiance to William, thus establishing the precedent that a vassal's loyalty to the king overrode his fealty to his immediate lord. During a campaign against King Philip I of France, William fell from a horse and was fatally injured. William was the illegitimate son of Robert I, duke of Normandy and Arletta, a tanner's daughter. He is sometimes called "William the Bastard". |
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William II Rufus, King of England
NOTES: Reign: 1087-1100 |
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Henry I Beauclerc, King of England
Family 1: Matilda (Edith) of Scotland
Family 2: Adeliza of Louvain
Matilda (Edith) of Scotland
Family: Henry I Beauclerc, King of England
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NOTES: Elder dau. of Malcolm III, King of Scots and his second wife (St) Margaret, dau. of Edward Atheling.
NOTES: Drowned in the wreck of the White Ship off Barfleur.
NOTES: Declared heiress-presumptive in 1126, disputed the throne with Stephen. She was possibly a twin with William (Duke of Normandy). Had three sons, of whom the eldest later became King Henry II.
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